Videoanalyse – OAN Basic Course – Unit 5 – Vortrag 1

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So yes, the point will be an introduction of the plant protection --

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of the pyramid for the first part.

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Then we will go for ecosystem based management approach of the pyramid.

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So the bottom part and then we'll focus on the top part.

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And in both of them we will give you some examples.

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And I will conclude the presentation with the national list that we have,

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and which I'm working with to have an idea of what is it.

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So let's start with the first one and let's start with the the question what do plant

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diseases -- how do plant diseases develop?

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Maybe most of you know there is the interaction of three different diseases or

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different part of that triangle that they bring to diseases on plants.

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And the three parts are the pathogen, the host and the environment.

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And yes, the host could be from different variety,

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age, different genetic homogeneity.

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Then the pathogen could have different virulence,

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quantity, type, inoculum, presence of different vectors,

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and environment is the temperature, humidity and daylight.

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And only when all of three are in the right moment you have diseases.

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It seems that it's kind of difficult to have diseases,

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but in actually or in reality is not the case.

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As you may see outside in the world, that is lot of diseases occurring every day.

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This is why because sometimes pathogens can also,

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so as you see, as I told you, it's they are limited in a few occasions,

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but they can survive in a spore or sclerotia --

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so resisting structure in the environment.

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And they are waiting for the right moment to infect plants.

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So then we move on and okay, now we know what we need to have a disease

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and how to regulate then plant disease in organic farming.

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So as you may know, in organic, there is no --

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synthetic pesticides are not allowed.

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And what is very important is to use indirect measurements or try to think about

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your crop or your plants, like in a, completely in an environment.

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So don't only look at the diseases and your plants,

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but think about the plants that you have in your orchard,

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but also the insects on the soil, microorganism in the soil also,

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but also microorganisms and insects in the environment around the plants that play an

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important role to protect or spread diseases around.

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Yes. And now we go further, and I will introduce the plant protection

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pyramid, which could be maybe known.

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The bottom part is the preventive part and the top one is the curative.

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In organic farming it's very important to focus on the preventive part.

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So in the bottom one to work a lot on this, to avoid or decrease the amount of products

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that we have to apply afterwards.

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So to give a cure on your plant, it's better to prevent any,

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any way in these in plant diseases as to give a cure.

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Because you try to forecast or you try to be in advance the pathogens.

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Because if you have to cure, it's too late, and then you can,

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you are trying to catch up with the pathogen and usually they are faster than us.

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So in the bottom part we have natural measurements like your extensification of

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land use, the biotope networks If we move a bit up,

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then we have a different cultural management practice like co-production,

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a different type of cultivar resistance, a resistance timing allocation.

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And then if we move a little bit further, it's functional biodiversity.

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So you can you try to make your environmental resistance with some wild flower

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strips or using an antagonist in in your crop.

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And then for the curative part, usually we use some so it's used some

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inundative or inoculative biocontrol organisms or release of beneficial organisms

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like insects. And the last part, the biocontrol,

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the direct biocontrol or control is to use insecticides,

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pheromones or physical measures to really kill somehow your pathogens.

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Okay. Let's then move on to the second part.

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So the importance of the ecosystem-based pest control.

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So this as I said before, the the preventive part or the bottom part of

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the pyramid, the pyramid.

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And as I told before, this is indirect measurement.

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So to try to avoid a pathogen inside of your crop.

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On the bottom part, as you may see, there is really the environment.

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So where and how you locate your orchard when you have the possibility is very important if

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there is a different type of flowers, herbs,

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shrubs, different flower strips, or what is located near to a forest or not --

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location change a lot in the disease control.

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This is why -- because you can, if you have a complete monoculture or a big

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monoculture, when the disease is inside of your cultivar or orchard,

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it just finds all what you need to spread.

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Because you just have to reproduce on a leaf or fruits or vegetables.

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And once you produce spores, they just have to go next a few metres away,

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you have another plant to ready to infect.

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And it spreads, it produce a lot of spores or,

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or pathogen or mycelia, and then it's very difficult to control it.

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You have to really kill it.

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While if there is some barriers in between, it's for the pathogen more difficult to

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spread around. In the second part, so a step further in the pyramid you can use

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some, you can change a little bit a little bit your host,

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for example, introducing some or crossing for resistant variety.

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For example here we have a Blauacher or Otava.

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Otava is resistant to apple scab or a little bit resistant of apple scalp with a gene.

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This gives resistance to apple scab, but for example is not resisting against

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Marssonina and other pathogens.

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Integrating a lot of different resistance in one cultivar is very complicated and takes a

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lot of years. And always one single strategy is not working.

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So only one single gene, or only working with a resistant variety is

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not a solution. You have also to integrate, as I said before,

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the different environmental strategy or a construction strategy,

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but also integrating with protection or application of fungicides or pesticide.

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For example, on the right side of the slide, you can see in the Downy mildew on grapevines

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and you see there is some resistance, so certain resistance to Downy mildew,

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but you still apply some copper to avoid that in a few years,

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your resistance is, it's gone.

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The other type of cultural management practices are,

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for example, how you physically protect your,

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and in the middle we have, for example, three different way of

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protecting your orchard.

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Like it's standard to use the net against hail.

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But you can put some temporary protection or a year protection,

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like a tunnel to protect your crop against the rain.

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This will decrease the amount of some diseases,

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but unfortunately, you will then maybe increase some other pathogen that don't like

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a lot your mid to high humidity.

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And then we have some strategy that alternate or to kind of find a solution in between.

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Like on the left there is a net to avoid insects that spread diseases.

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Or you have this mobile weather shelter -- Control shelter --

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that they open when it's raining and they close when there is a sunny day.

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Or you can also combine it, like we have in here at Frick,

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a photovoltaic panel that protect your orchard.

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And at the same time it produces some electricity.

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But everything has some disadvantage and advantage.

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And you have to find always the best strategy of your orchard,

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looking for diseases that are present around,

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and looking at the, the different possibilities that you have.

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Now moving a little bit further in the pyramid.

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We go in the functional biodiversity.

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And this is one of, one of the biggest experiments that we had here at FiBL some

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years ago. You see that we use some different resistant varieties of apple and that they

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were that the, the distance, the distance between the plants were higher

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than conventional, and in between the plants we put some flower strip,

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some rock pile or nest for insects.

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And the point is to acquire insects, to protect your crop against other insects

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and avoid spreading of diseases and or animal like predators that catch some detractors on

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your field. And in the same experiment, we also then tested some in two different

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block. One was an application of bio control organism,

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and the other one was a release of of so one was insect and the other one was a,

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was a bacteria to, to add on the top of it another layer of protection.

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And we also thought that the soil with a compost-driven fertilisation.

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And you can see here it's a bit maybe full, this slide,

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but it's really explain the complexity of the systems and that you have to really go for

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covering or or protecting your orchard in a different way.

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Also protecting, you prevent the disease or spreading around.

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Yes. And now we go a little bit further on the pyramid and we move to the curative part.

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So these are direct measure, which are.

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Yes. The two top. So one, the two points.

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So inundative biocontrol or direct biocontrol.

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And here we have some examples.

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So we have the microorganisms like bacteria and fungi.

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Some bacterium Pseudomonas and Trichoderma, some example.

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Or the pest like some microorganism and entomopathogenic Nematodes and parasites and

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predators, then maybe Dani will explain a little bit more later in the presentation.

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In the next presentation.

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And yes. So I've worked the mechanism out of biocontrol.

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There is basically four main ways of protecting.

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So you have a competition for nutrients and space.

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So you apply your bacteria or fungus on top of your plant or on your soil,

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and then they should occupy the space and avoid that pathogen,

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have the possibility to grow in effect.

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Or they can act as an antagonist, producing some antimicrobial compounds which

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act as killing or avoiding that the other organisms grow.

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There is also the possibility of hyper parasitism.

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So your product is a hyper parasite -- other organism killing

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or feeding from them. Or you can at last point induce an immune resistance,

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a system in your plant.

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So your activating system of the plants that acts against other pathogens or attack of

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pathogens. Of authorised biocontrol organism may be

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most of you know already.

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And you see there is based on different fungi or bacteria.

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It's there are kind of quite new, so quite known in different products and

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they`re against some just fungi or Sclerotinia which are the resistant part that

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remain in the soil of a fungi.

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Or they`re against some potato disease or, yes,

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different pests. And now we come to the last,

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so the unpopular level of the pyramid.

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The top -- the top one.

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And despite its unpopular, it's sometimes very,

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is crucial for protecting your crop.

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It's, let's say one of the last, is the last things that you can do to

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protect. And this is why you should not go much there.

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So you should prevent the disease spreading in your in your orchards.

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The more you protect or the more you avoid the diseases inside,

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the better it is to have a good production at the end of the years.

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And yes the natural, they are only natural substances for organic.

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They could be from mineral origin, plant proteins,

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plant extracts or microbial metabolites.

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And as you know, already, synthetic and herbicides are not allowed.

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Only few, unfortunately, only few are allowed in organic farming.

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And they want the active ingredient, it's listed in the input list that will show

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you later. This is only an example, or is an example "Madex" one of the most

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used, and is to which is the active substance of your product,

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but is always in combination with an additive.

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So you have always both.

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And the additive are just there to keep your active substance stable in the time.

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So you will end up with a lot of, or more products,

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which contain the same active substances.

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Yes. And this is, you can see in the picture left,

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there is the example of the copper.

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And in the table you see some different molecules or active ingredients used.

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And you can see that, for example, copper is used in the 23

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different fungicides, at least in in the list.

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Yes, in the list. But then you have also some oil,

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some sulphur or bicarbonate.

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And yes, they all work against.

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So most of them work against fungi.

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Then now moving to the last part, I hope I am in time.

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It's on the national input list.

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So we will just keep now on the, skip on the top part of the pyramid.

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So the active measurement, and we move, we would like to understand

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which are the products that are allowed or that we can use.

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So we have this European input list, which is a compilation of national lists.

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It's a political forum actually, is not, there are no legal validity for the

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farmers because it's a compilation of all the products that you have,

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but you have always to follow the national list to see which product is allowed or not

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in your country. In the picture that you see on the top,

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it's actually the different, so all the products that we have in Europe

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that are listed for the moment and on the right side and by the way,

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the QR code there just bring you directly to the input list.

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So the, to the web page.

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And on the right side you see, or you have the composition of the European

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input list. And as you can see, half of it, it's fertiliser.

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A quarter, a little more, they're feeding.

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And the last quarter is composed from products for cleaning,

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product for parasite control, or plant or strain.

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And only 9% of the product we have in the the European input list for the plant protection,

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as is, the plant protection products.

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What is important to say, that these lists are built for the farmer and

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for the advisers who pay the list are the producers.

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So the different actor that would like to sell a product in organic farming,

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they pay for the listings and the lists are based on open criteria.

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So are public. And the idea of the list is to create a clarity on the,

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or to something that is clear for everyone of which product can be used or not.

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And now we go from the National input lists.

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The National input lists are actually the real list.

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So the one that -- the one that you can use in your country,

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and here in Switzerland we are taking over four different lands from Switzerland and

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Netherlands, Italy and Sweden.

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Germany, it is taken over by FiBL Germany and Easy-Cert takes over or looks for Austria,

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Croatia and Hungary. These are again a public register that are used.

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Or it's for the organic farmers.

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And it's used by the farmer to see if the products are compliant with organic

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regulation. And exactly the idea is to give more transparency for everyone,

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but also for the farmer, that they have already in farming.

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And regarding the plant protection products, just some major role is more complicated than

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this. But the point is that we are using EU regulation to evaluate the protection

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products, and they must be allowed in organic farming,

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and the inputs should be GMO-free.

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These are the main major point to look for the plant protection.

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And now to bring to the take home message.

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Yes. Just briefly you have to consider specificity above efficacy.

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So you have always to think about on your pest,

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which on which pest you are focussed on, and understand the pathogen or the pest is

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crucial, to find or to understand how it spread and to,

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to fight against them.

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There is a broader range of strategies applied in crop protection.

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We're talking about the plant protection pyramid before.

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Most of the strategy are preventive, an indirect strategy is actually what I will

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always suggest to the people. Focus on the bottom part of your pyramid,

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and only go on the top if it's really necessary.

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And it's only limited for range of plant protection products.

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It's yes, only slow that are low risk are allowed in organic.

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And for the input list, as I said before, it's a public register free

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of charge for the farmers.

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And it is to verify compliance and increased transparency for the farmer and for everyone.